{"id":15515,"date":"2021-03-03T00:00:47","date_gmt":"2021-03-02T16:00:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.science.nus.edu.sg\/?p=15515"},"modified":"2021-03-03T11:56:37","modified_gmt":"2021-03-03T03:56:37","slug":"development-of-eyespot-patterns-on-butterflies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.science.nus.edu.sg\/blog\/2021\/03\/development-of-eyespot-patterns-on-butterflies\/","title":{"rendered":"Development of eyespot patterns on butterflies"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">NUS biologists have discovered that Hox genes are essential for the development of eyespot patterns on the wings of <i>Bicyclus anynana<\/i> butterflies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Eyespots are beautiful and important colour patterns that aid butterflies evade predation, but their genetic and developmental origins are still poorly understood. Eyespots evolved in the ancestors of a lineage of butterflies, around 70 million years ago. They first appeared on the hindwings, and subsequently on the forewings. The genetic and developmental reasons for this unique pattern of deployment have been a mystery. Now, the research team led by Prof Ant\u00f3nia MONTEIRO, from the Department of Biological Sciences, NUS has discovered that two Hox genes, <i>Antennapedia<\/i> (<i>Antp<\/i>) and <i>Ultrabithorax<\/i> (<i>Ubx<\/i>), are probably connected to the origin of butterfly eyespots on the hindwings and subsequently on the forewings.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Hox genes are a famous set of genes known to give unique identities to different regions of an animal\u2019s body, along the anterior-posterior axis. For instance, they are known to differentiate our forebrain from our hindbrain, and to prevent legs from growing in the abdomen of most adult insects. Although less commonly shown, Hox genes can also lead to the emergence of completely novel traits that appear in unique parts of an animal\u2019s body, where the Hox gene is expressed. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Prof Monteiro said, \u201cThe African squinting bush brown butterfly, <i>Bicyclus anynana<\/i>, has eyespots on both the forewings and the hindwings. Two Hox genes are expressed on the wings of butterflies but until now, no one knew about the function of these genes.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Previous work from her laboratory and others showed that the Hox gene <i>Ubx<\/i> was expressed homogeneously on the hindwings, but absent from the forewings, whereas the Hox gene, <i>Antp<\/i>, was expressed in the centre of all eyespots <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">during the larval stage (Figure 1)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">.<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201cThe expression of <i>Antp<\/i> was especially intriguing as this Hox gene is usually absent from insect wings altogether,\u201d added Prof Monteiro.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">To test the function of both Hox genes in <i>Bicyclus anynana<\/i>, Dr Yuji MATSUOKA, a postdoctoral researcher on the team, disrupted their genetic sequence using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. The <i>Antp<\/i> mutants lost eyespots on the forewings (Figure 2), but lost only the eyespot\u2019s white centres on the hindwings. The <i>Ubx<\/i> mutants showed two types of mutation \u2013 some hindwing eyespots disappeared whereas two of the eyespots (those that had forewing counterparts) became larger and acquired the size of the forewing counterparts. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">These experiments showed that <i>Antp<\/i> is essential for the development of forewing eyespots and that <i>Ubx<\/i> is essential for the development of some hindwing eyespots. Perhaps, the co-expression of <i>Antp<\/i> and <i>Ubx<\/i> in the other hindwing eyespots can prevent their disappearance when mutations target a single one of these genes. What is intriguing to speculate is that perhaps, without the initial recruitment of <i>Ubx <\/i>into the regulation of eyespot development, eyespots might never have evolved on the hindwing. Similarly, without the novel expression and function of <i>Antp<\/i>, eyespots might never have colonised the forewing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Dr Matsuoka said, \u201cThis study highlights another example of Hox genes associated with the origin of novel traits, but this is just the tip of the iceberg. How these Hox genes became connected to other essential genes in eyespot development is still unclear, and future work will need to address this genetic mechanism further.<\/span>&#8220;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.nus.edu.sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/268._Monteiro_DBS_20210215_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15503 aligncenter\" width=\"355\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.nus.edu.sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/268._Monteiro_DBS_20210215_1.jpg 699w, https:\/\/www.science.nus.edu.sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/268._Monteiro_DBS_20210215_1-246x300.jpg 246w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 1: The expression of the Hox gene <i>Ant<\/i>ennapedia (<i>Ant<\/i>) during larval wing development maps to the centre of the future adult eyespots in <i>Bicyclus anynana<\/i> butterflies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.nus.edu.sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/268._Monteiro_DBS_20210215_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15504 aligncenter\" width=\"402\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.nus.edu.sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/268._Monteiro_DBS_20210215_2.jpg 716w, https:\/\/www.science.nus.edu.sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/268._Monteiro_DBS_20210215_2-300x189.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 402px) 100vw, 402px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 2: The forewing of a <i>Bicyclus anynana<\/i> butterfly (left) and an <i>Antennapedia<\/i> (<i>Ant<\/i>) mutant (right) showing a missing large eyespot, indicating that this Hox gene is essential for eyespot development on the forewings of the butterfly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Reference:<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\" lang=\"EN-GB\">Y Matsuoka; A Monteiro, &#8220;Hox genes are essential for the development of eyespots in <i>Bicyclus anynana<\/i> butterflies&#8221; GENETICS Volume 217 Issue 1 iyaa005 DOI:10.1093\/genetics\/iyaa005 Published: 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>NUS biologists have discovered that Hox genes are essential for the development of eyespot patterns on the wings of Bicyclus&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":15502,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15515","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biodiversity","category-research-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - 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